2013年12月27日 星期五

九月二十七日筆記

成人讀英文三大要點:
1.contextual  clue
2.詞類
3.字源學概念

字根contr: 表對立
controversy  [n.]  爭論      contradiction   [n.]    矛盾
contrary   [adj.]  相反的    contraband      [n.]     違禁品
contraception  [n.]    避孕


字根vir: 表生命,男性,事實
virtuoso  [n.]     藝術鑑賞家,演奏能手
virtue  [n.]       美德,優點,功效
virtual  [adj.]     事實上的,虛擬的

字根dic: 表說
predict     [v.]      預言
abdicate     [v.]     辭退,宣布退位
benediction     [n.]    祝福,祈禱

背英文小撇步:
若是短的單字就用同義字背,例如:fraud 騙局 =lie =trick
若是長的單字就用字根字首,如筆記所寫的各種字根.

Words of the day
9/27
1.controversy  [n.]  /ˈkän-trə-ˌvər-sē/
definition: public discussion and argument about something that     many people strongly disagree about, disapprove of, or are shocked by
origin: late Middle English: from Latin controversia, from    controversus 'turned against, disputed', from contro- (variant of contra- 'against') + versus, past participle of vertere 'to turn'
sentence: A bitter controversy over/about the site of new factory. 
part of speech: controversial   [adj.]  controversially  [adv.]

2.contradiction  [n.]  /ˌkän-trə-ˈdik-shən/

definition: the act of saying that something that somebody else has said is wrong or not true; an example of this; a lack of agreement between facts, opinions, actions, etc
sentence: There is a contradiction between the two sets of figures.
part of speech: contradict  [v.]             contradictive   [adj.]
                          contradictory  [adj.]     contradictious   [adj.]                                     contradictorily  [adv.]   


3.contrary   [adj.]  /ˈkän-ˌtrer-ē/

definition: different from something; against something
origin: Middle English: from Anglo-Norman French contrarie, from Latin contrarius, from contra 'against'
sentence: Contrary to popular belief, many cats dislike milk.

part of speech: contrary  [n.][v.]

4.contraband  [n.]  /ˈkän-trə-ˌband/

definition: goods that are illegally taken into or out of a country
origin: late 16th century: from Spanish contrabanda, from Italian     contrabando, from contra- 'against' + bando 'proclamation, ban'
sentence: There are numerous contraband goods on the ship.
part of speech: contraband  [v.]  contrabandist   [n.]


5.contraception  [n.]  /ˌkän-trə-ˈsep-shən/
definition: the practice of preventing a woman from becoming         pregnant; the methods of doing this
origin: contra- + conception
sentence: Some women who don not want babies take methods of                    contraception.

part of speech: contraceptive  [adj.][n.]

9/30

1.virtuoso  [n.]  /ˈvərchüˈō-(ˌ)sō/
definition: a person who is extremely skilful at doing something,   especially playing a musical instrument
origin: Italian, from virtuoso, adjective, virtuous, skilled, from Late Latin virtuosus virtuous, from Latin virtus
sentence: He's a real virtuoso in the kitchen.

part of speech: virtuosi   複數形   virtuosic [adj.]   
                          virtuosity  [n]  

2.virtue  [n.]  /ˈvər-(ˌ)chü/
definition: behaviour or attitudes that show high moral standards; a particular good quality or habit; an attractive or useful quality

origin: Middle English: from Old French vertu, from Latin virtus   'valour, merit, moral perfection', from vir 'man'
sentence: He led a life of virtue.
part of speech: virtueless  [adj.]


3.virtual  [adj.]  /ˈvər-chə-wəl/

definition: almost or very nearly the thing described, so that any     slight difference is not important;made to appear to exist by the use of computer software, for example on the  Internet
origin: Middle English, efficacious, potential, from Medieval           Latinvirtualis, from Latin virtus strength, virtue
sentence: The Web site provides a virtual tour of the stadium.
part of speech: virtuality  [n.]  virtually  [adv.]  

4.verify  [v.]  /ˈver-ə-ˌfī/

definition: to prove, show, find out, or state that (something) is true                    or correct 
origin: Middle English verifien, from Anglo-French verifier, from   Medieval Latin verificare, from Latin verus true
sentence: She verified her flight number.
part of speech: verifier  [n.]  verification   [n.]

5.virulent   [adj.]  /ˈvir-ə-lənt/
definition: full of hate or anger; extremely dangerous and deadly     and usually spreading very quickly  
origin: Middle English, from Latin virulentus, from virus poison
sentence: The country seemed to be returning to the virulent           nationalism of its past.
part of speech: virulently   [adv.]  virulency   [n.]

10/1

1.predict  [v.]  /pri-ˈdikt/
definition: to say that something will happen in the future
origin: Latin praedictus, past participle of praedicere, from prae-   pre- + dicere to say 
sentence: All the local forecasters are predicting rain for this                            afternoon.
part of speech: predictable  [adj.]     predictive   [adj.]   
                          predictor   [n.]         predictability   [n.]   

2.abdicate  [v.]  /ˈab-di-ˌkāt/

definition: to give up the position of being king or queen
origin: Latin abdicatus, past participle of abdicare, from                 ab- +dicare to proclaim
sentence: The king was forced to abdicate.
part of speech: abdication  [n.]    abdicable  [adj.]   
                          abidicator   [n.]

3.benediction  [n.]  /ˌbe-nə-ˈdik-shən/
definition: a prayer that asks for God's blessing
origin: late Middle English: via Old French from Latin                     benedictio(n-), from benedicere 'wish well, bless', from bene 'well' + dicere 'say'
sentence: He dismissed the congregation with a benediction.
part of speech: benedictory  [adj.]  benedictional  [adj.]

4.verdict  [n.]  /ˈvɜːdɪkt/

definition: a decision that is made by a jury in court, stating if         somebody is considered guilty of a crime or not
sentence: The jury returned a verdict (= gave a verdict ) of guilty.
use: verdict on something/somebody

5.addict  [n.]  /ə-ˈdikt/

definition: a person who is very interested in something and spends a lot of their free time on it
sentence: He is a  video game addict .
part of speech: addictive [adj.]  addiction  [n.]

10/2

1.solemn  [adj.]  /ˈsɑːləm/
definition: not happy or smiling; done, said, etc. in a very serious     and sincere way
sentence: Her face grew solemn.
part of speech: solemnity   [n.]    solemnize  [v.]
                          solemnization  [n.]    solemnly  [adv.]

2.epigram  [n.]  /ˈepɪɡræm/

definition: a short poem or phrase that expresses an idea in a clever or amusing way
sentence: We can express this statement as an epigram.
part of speech: epigrammatic   [adj.]    epigrammatize  [v.]
                          epigrammatist  [n.]       epigrammatism  [n.]

3.slender  [adj.]  /ˈslendər/

definition: thin in an attractive or elegant way;small in amount or size and hardly enough
sentence: She was slender as  a willow shoot.
part of speech: slenderize  [v.]    slenderly  [adv.]
                          slenderness  [n.]

4.contour  [n.]  /ˈkän-ˌt(ə)r/
definition: the outer edges of something; the outline of its shape or                    form
sentence: The road follows the natural contours of the coastline.
part of speech: contoured   [adj.]

5.jut  [v.]  /dʒʌt/
definition: to stick out further than the surrounding surface,             objects, etc; to make something stick out
sentence: A rocky headland jutted into the sea.
use: jut out /from/ into/ over/ something

10/3

1.domisticate  [v.]  /dəˈmestɪkeɪt/
definition: to make a wild animal used to living with or working for humans; to grow plants or crops for human use; to make somebody good at cooking, caring for a house, etc; to make somebody enjoy home life
sentence: Some men are very hard to domesticate.
part of speech: domesticated  [adj.]  domestication  [n.]

2.perpetual  [adj.]  /pərˈpetʃuəl/

definition: continuing for a long period of time without                     interruption; frequently repeated, in a way that is annoying; lasting for the whole of somebody's life
sentence: We lived for years in a perpetual state of fear.
part of speech: perpetually   [adv.]  

3.superficial  [adj.]  /ˌsuːpərˈfɪʃl/

definition: not studying or looking at something thoroughly; seeing only what is obvious
sentence: The book shows only a superficial understanding of the                    historical context.
part of speech: superficiality  [n.]  superficially [adv.]

4.glitter     [v.]      /ˈɡlɪtər/

definition: to shine brightly with little flashes of light, like a             diamond
sentence: The water glittered in the sunlight.
part of speech: glittery  [adj.]    glitter  [n.]

5.reproach  [n.]  /rɪˈprəʊtʃ/

definition: blame or criticism for something you have done;a         person or thing that brings shame on somebody/something
sentence: He listened to his wife's bitter reproaches.
part of speech: reproachable   [adj.]    reproachful   [adj.]
                          reproacher      [n.]        reproachfully   [adv.]
                         reproachingly  [adv.]   reproachless     [adj.]



2013年12月25日 星期三

十二月二十日筆記

Skimming
It means to run your eyes very quickly over a text, without reading every word.

Grammar
X: the book talks about...
V: the book is about...

Collocations
Learning common collocations will help you use words the way native English speakers do.For exemple, native speaker say do business, not make business.

Prefix
auto: self                                           pri: major
automobile, autograph, automatic    prime, primacy, primate

multi: many
multinational, multiracial, multilingual

Suffix
log: speak, word
catalog, dialog, monologue

Root
graph: write, writing                         mob: move
telegraph, photograph, paragraph    mobile, automobile, mobility

nov: new
november, novel, novice

hook on the phone
flip the channel
mechanical pencil
spiral notebook
binder clip
mindset: attitude
thrive: to live, survive

Punchuation rule
Right: book name
Wrong: John

Words of the day
12/20
1.emulate  [v.]   /ˈɛmjʊleɪt/
definition: match or surpass (a person or achievement), typically
by imitation
origin: late 16th century: from Latin aemulat- 'rivalled, equalled',
from the verb aemulari, from aemulus 'rival'
sentence: Most rulers wished to emulate Alexander the Great.
part of speech: emulation  [n.]  emulative  [adj.]  
                          emulator  [n.]

2.effectual  [adj.]   /ɪˈfɛktʃʊəl/
definition: (of something inanimate or abstract) successful in producing a desired or intended result; effective
origin: late Middle English: from medieval Latin effectualis, from
Latin effectus
sentence: Tobacco smoke is the most effectual protection against
the midge.
part of speech: effectuality  [n.]  effectually  [adv.] 
                          effectualness  [n.]

3.intermittently  [adv.]  /ˌɪntərˈmɪtəntli/
definition: occurring at irregular intervals; not continuous or steady
origin: mid 16th century: from Latin intermittent- 'ceasing', from
the verb intermittere
sentence: Protests continued intermittently throughout November.
part of speech: intermittence  [n.]  intermittency  [n.]

4.luminous  [adj.]   /ˈluːmɪnəs/
definition: giving off light; bright or shining
origin: late Middle English: from Old French lumineux or Latin
luminosus, from lumen, lumin- 'light'
sentence: The luminous dial on his watch.
part of speech: luminously  [adv.]  luminousness  [n.]

5.despicable  [adj.]   /dɪˈspɪkəb(ə)l/
definition: deserving hatred and contempt
origin: mid 16th century: from late Latin despicabilis, from
despicari 'look down on'
sentence: I hate you! You're despicable.
part of speech: despicably  [adv.]

12/23
1.fluctuate  [v.]   /ˈflʌktʃʊeɪt/
definition: rise and fall irregularly in number or amount
origin: mid 17th century (earlier (late Middle English) as
fluctuation): from Latin fluctuat- 'undulated', from the verb
fluctuare, from fluctus 'flow, current, wave', from fluere 'to flow'
sentence: Trade with other countries tends to fluctuate from year to year.
part of speech: fluctuant  [adj.]  fluctuation  [n.]

2.rind  [v.]   /rʌɪnd/
definition: strip the bark from (a tree) 
origin: Old English rind(e) 'bark of a tree'; related to Dutch run and
German Rinde, of unknown origin
sentence: When the meat ran out they had to rind trees and chew
the inner bark for nourishment.
part of speech: rinded  [adj.]  rindless  [adj.] 

3.fraternal  [adj.]   /frəˈtəːn(ə)l/  
definition: of or like a brother or brothers
origin: late Middle English: from medieval Latin fraternalis, from
Latin fraternus, from frater 'brother'
sentence: His lack of fraternal feeling shocked me.
part of speech: fraternalism  [n.]  fraternally  [adv.] 

4.dishevelled  [adj.]   /dɪˈʃɛv(ə)ld/
definition: (of a person’s hair, clothes, or appearance) untidy;
disordered
origin: late Middle English: from obsolete dishevely, from Old
French deschevele, past participle of descheveler (based on chevel 'hair', from Latin capillus). The original sense was 'having the hair
uncovered'; later, referring to the hair itself, 'hanging loose', hence
'disordered, untidy'. Compare with unkempt
sentence: He looked tired and dishevelled.
part of speech: dishevelment  [n.]

5.incredulous  [adj.]   /ɪnˈkrɛdjʊləs/
definition: (of a person or their manner) unwilling or unable to
believe something
origin: 16th century: from Latin incredulus (from in- 'not' +
credulus 'believing, trusting', from credere 'believe') + -ous
sentence: ‘Here?’ said Kate, incredulous.
part of speech: incredulously  [adv.]  incredulousness  [n.]

12/24
1.insolent  [adj.]   /ˈɪns(ə)l(ə)nt/
definition: showing a rude and arrogant lack of respect
origin: late Middle English (also in the sense 'extravagant, going
beyond acceptable limits'): from Latin insolent- 'immoderate, unaccustomed, arrogant', from in- 'not' + solent- 'being accustomed' (from the verb solere)
sentence: She hated the insolent tone of his voice.
part of speech: insolently  [adv.]

2.peremptory  [adj.]   /pəˈrɛm(p)t(ə)ri/
definition: insisting on immediate attention or obedience, especially in a brusquely imperious way
origin: late Middle English (as a legal term): via Anglo-Norman
French from Latin peremptorius 'deadly, decisive', from perempt- 'destroyed, cut off', from the verb perimere, from per- 'completely' + emere 'take, buy'
sentence: ‘Just do it!’ came the peremptory reply.
part of speech: peremptorily  [adv.]  peremptoriness  [n.]

3.poignant  [adj.]   /ˈpɔɪnjənt/
definition: evoking a keen sense of sadness or regret
origin: late Middle English: from Old French, literally 'pricking', present participle of poindre, from Latin pungere 'to prick'
sentence: Her face was a poignant reminder of the passing of time.
part of speech: poignantly   [adv.]  poignancy  [n.]

4.abrupt  [adj.]   /əˈbrʌpt/
definition: sudden and unexpected
origin: late 16th century: from Latin abruptus 'broken off, steep',
past participle of abrumpere, from ab- 'away, from' + rumpere 'break'
sentence: The match came to an abrupt end.
part of speech: abruptly  [adv.]  abruptness  [n.]

5.brisk  [v.]   /brɪsk/
definition: quicken something
origin: late 16th century: probably from French brusque
sentence: Mary brisked up her pace.
part of speech: brisken  [v.]  briskly  [adv.]  briskness  [n.]

12/25
1.prodigal  [adj.]   /ˈprɒdɪg(ə)l/
definition: having or giving something on a lavish scale
origin: late Middle English: from late Latin prodigalis, from Latin
prodigus 'lavish'
sentence: The dessert was prodigal with whipped cream.
part of speech: prodigality  [n.]  prodigally  [adv.]

2.glitter  [v.]   /ˈglɪtə/
definition: shine with a bright, shimmering reflected light
origin: late Middle English: from Old Norse glitra
sentence: The grass glittered with dew.
part of speech: glittery  [adj.]

3.gravel  [v.]   /ˈgrav(ə)l/
definition: make (someone) angry or annoyed
origin: Middle English: from Old French, diminutive of grave
sentence: The strike was badly organized and it gravelled him to
involve himself in it.
part of speech: gravelly  [adv.]

4.smoulder  [v.]   /ˈsməʊldə/
definition: burn slowly with smoke but no flame
origin: late Middle English: related to Dutch smeulen
sentence: The bonfire still smouldered, the smoke drifting over the
paddock.
part of speech: smoulderingly  [adv.]

5.malevolent  [adj.]   /məˈlɛv(ə)l(ə)nt/
definition: having or showing a wish to do evil to others
origin: early 16th century: from Latin malevolent- 'wishing evil', from male 'ill' + volent- 'wishing' (from the verb velle)
sentence: He declined to discuss any measures to protect the
president from a malevolent ghost.
part of speech: malevolently  [adv.]