Writers use parenthetical citations to give credit to, or cite, the source of the information in academic texts. Two common styles of parenthetical citation are APA (American Psychological Association) and MLA (Modern Language Association).
For example:
APA in-text citation:
Air traffic controller must retire at age 56 (Watson, 2004).
MLA in-text citation:
Air traffic controller must retire at age 56 (Watson, 163).
When the writer gives complete source information at the end of the text, in APA style, it would be:
Watson, E. (2004). The life of a controller. New York, NY: Pearson.
And the same reference in MLA:
Watson, Emily, The life of a controller. New York, NY: Pearson, 2004. Print.
Three main points in an interview
1. motivation (past)
2. preparation (present)
3. anticipation (future)
Prefix
multi-: more than one; many
multitask, multicast, multicultural
sym/sim: with, together
sympathy, symbol, simultaneous
un-: not
unfair, unseen, unpredictable
anti-: against, in opposition to, opposite of
antithesis, antipathy, antibiotic
Root
bene: stands for something good
benefit, benefactor, benedictory
Confer
rotate: To proceed in sequence; take turns or alternate
switch: To shift, transfer, or divert
Vocabulary
mandatory: Required by law or mandate; compulsory
multitask: Pay attention to more than one thing
distort: Pull or twist out of shape
drawback: A feature that renders something less acceptable; a disadvantage or problem
Words of the day
6/6
1. lieutenant [n.] /lɛfˈtɛnənt/
definition: A deputy or substitute acting for a superior
origin: late Middle English: from Old French
sentence: Certainly a number of his lieutenants and cohorts have been captured in recent months.
part of speech: lieutenancy [n.]
2. deputy [n.] /ˈdɛpjʊti/
definition: A person who is appointed to undertake the duties of a superior in the superior’s absence
origin: late Middle English: from Old French depute, from late Latin deputatus, past participle of deputare
sentence: His deputy has been largely running the business for the past year.
part of speech: deputyship [n.]
phrase: by deputy: Instructing another person to act in one’s stead; by proxy
3. sergeant [n.] /ˈsɑːdʒ(ə)nt/
definition: A rank of non-commissioned officer in the army or air force, above corporal and below staff sergeant.
origin: Middle English: from Old French sergent, from Latin servient- 'serving', from the verb servire. Early use was as a general term meaning 'attendant, servant' and 'common soldier'; the term was later applied to specific official roles.
sentence: It is us, staff sergeants and sergeants, who don't want to take the time to train and mentor soldiers.
part of speech: sergeancy [n.]
4. naval [adj.] /ˈneɪv(ə)l/
definition: Relating to a navy or navies
origin: late Middle English: from Latin navalis, from navis 'ship'.
sentence: I would like to study about the naval history between the Japanese and the Royal Navy.
part of speech: navally [adv.]
5. intact [adj.] /ɪnˈtakt/
definition: Not damaged or impaired in any way; complete
origin: late Middle English: from Latin intactus, from in- 'not' + tactus (past participle of tangere 'touch').
sentence: The church was almost in ruins but its tower remained intact.
part of speech: intactness [n.]
6/9
1. impish [adj.] /ˈɪmpɪʃ/
definition: Inclined to do slightly naughty things for fun; mischievous
sentence: But every minute, an impish sprite takes one ball back out, always extracting the lowest-numbered ball in the bucket.
part of speech: impishly [adv.] impishness [n.]
2. retard [v.] /rɪˈtɑːd/
definition: late 15th century: from French retarder, from Latin retardare, from re- 'back' + tardus 'slow'.
origin: late 15th century: from French retarder, from Latin retardare, from re- 'back' + tardus 'slow'.
sentence: Famously, Forster accused the educational systems of the time of retarding the emotional development of schoolboys.
part of speech: retardation [n.] retarder [n.] retardment [n.]
phrase: in retard: Behind in terms of development or progress
3. pun [n.] /pʌn/
definition: A joke exploiting the different possible meanings of a word or the fact that there are words which sound alike but have different meanings
origin: mid 17th century: perhaps an abbreviation of obsolete pundigrion, as a fanciful alteration of punctilio.
sentence: Freeth adopted the nickname Free in punning allusion to his beliefs.
part of speech: punningly [adv.] punster [n.]
4. exploit [v.] /ɪkˈsplɔɪt/
definition: Make full use of and derive benefit from (a resource)
origin: Middle English: from Old French esploit (noun), based on Latin explicare 'unfold'. The early notion of 'success, progress' gave rise to the sense 'attempt to capture', 'military expedition', hence the current sense of the noun. Verb senses (mid 19th century) are from modern French exploiter.
sentence: 500 companies sprang up to exploit this new technology.
part of speech: exploitable [adj.] exploiter [n.]
5. stack [v.] /stak/
definition: Arrange (a number of things) in a pile, typically a neat one
origin: Middle English: from Old Norse stakkr 'haystack', of Germanic origin.
sentence: He stood up, beginning to stack the plates.
part of speech: stackable [adj.] stacker [n.]
6/10
1. amnesia [n.] /amˈniːzɪə/
definition: A partial or total loss of memory
origin: late 18th century: from Greek amnēsia 'forgetfulness'.
sentence: They were suffering from amnesia.
part of speech: amnesiac [n.][adj.] amnesic [n.][adj.]
2. annihilate [v.] /əˈnʌɪɪleɪt/
definition: Destroy utterly; obliterate
origin: late Middle English (originally as an adjective meaning 'destroyed, annulled'): from late Latin annihilatus 'reduced to nothing', from the verb annihilare, from ad- 'to' + nihil 'nothing'.
sentence: A simple bomb of this type could annihilate them all.
part of speech: annihilator [n.]
3. obliterate [v.] /əˈblɪtəreɪt/
definition: Destroy utterly; wipe out
origin: mid 16th century: from Latin obliterat- 'struck out, erased', from the verb obliterare, based on littera 'letter, something written'.
sentence: The memory was so painful that he obliterated it from his mind.
part of speech: obliterative [adj.] obliterator [n.]
4. prolong [v.] /prəˈlɒŋ/
definition: Extend the duration of
origin: late Middle English: from Old French prolonguer, from late Latin prolongare, from pro- 'forward, onward' + longus 'long'.
sentence: The latter is known to be due to the fact that hypocalcemia prolongs the duration of phase two of the action potential of cardiac muscle.
part of speech: prolongation [n.] prolonger [n.]
5. probe [v.] /prəʊb/
definition: Explore or examine (something), especially with the hands or an instrument
origin: late Middle English (as a noun): from late Latin proba 'proof' (in medieval Latin 'examination'), from Latin probare 'to test'. The verb dates from the mid 17th century.
sentence: The surgeon will then view and probe the joint, looking directly through the scope or at pictures it sends to a video monitor.
part of speech: probeable [adj.] prober [n.] probingly [adv.]
1. lieutenant [n.] /lɛfˈtɛnənt/
definition: A deputy or substitute acting for a superior
origin: late Middle English: from Old French
sentence: Certainly a number of his lieutenants and cohorts have been captured in recent months.
part of speech: lieutenancy [n.]
2. deputy [n.] /ˈdɛpjʊti/
definition: A person who is appointed to undertake the duties of a superior in the superior’s absence
origin: late Middle English: from Old French depute, from late Latin deputatus, past participle of deputare
sentence: His deputy has been largely running the business for the past year.
part of speech: deputyship [n.]
phrase: by deputy: Instructing another person to act in one’s stead; by proxy
3. sergeant [n.] /ˈsɑːdʒ(ə)nt/
definition: A rank of non-commissioned officer in the army or air force, above corporal and below staff sergeant.
origin: Middle English: from Old French sergent, from Latin servient- 'serving', from the verb servire. Early use was as a general term meaning 'attendant, servant' and 'common soldier'; the term was later applied to specific official roles.
sentence: It is us, staff sergeants and sergeants, who don't want to take the time to train and mentor soldiers.
part of speech: sergeancy [n.]
4. naval [adj.] /ˈneɪv(ə)l/
definition: Relating to a navy or navies
origin: late Middle English: from Latin navalis, from navis 'ship'.
sentence: I would like to study about the naval history between the Japanese and the Royal Navy.
part of speech: navally [adv.]
5. intact [adj.] /ɪnˈtakt/
definition: Not damaged or impaired in any way; complete
origin: late Middle English: from Latin intactus, from in- 'not' + tactus (past participle of tangere 'touch').
sentence: The church was almost in ruins but its tower remained intact.
part of speech: intactness [n.]
6/9
1. impish [adj.] /ˈɪmpɪʃ/
definition: Inclined to do slightly naughty things for fun; mischievous
sentence: But every minute, an impish sprite takes one ball back out, always extracting the lowest-numbered ball in the bucket.
part of speech: impishly [adv.] impishness [n.]
2. retard [v.] /rɪˈtɑːd/
definition: late 15th century: from French retarder, from Latin retardare, from re- 'back' + tardus 'slow'.
origin: late 15th century: from French retarder, from Latin retardare, from re- 'back' + tardus 'slow'.
sentence: Famously, Forster accused the educational systems of the time of retarding the emotional development of schoolboys.
part of speech: retardation [n.] retarder [n.] retardment [n.]
phrase: in retard: Behind in terms of development or progress
3. pun [n.] /pʌn/
definition: A joke exploiting the different possible meanings of a word or the fact that there are words which sound alike but have different meanings
origin: mid 17th century: perhaps an abbreviation of obsolete pundigrion, as a fanciful alteration of punctilio.
sentence: Freeth adopted the nickname Free in punning allusion to his beliefs.
part of speech: punningly [adv.] punster [n.]
4. exploit [v.] /ɪkˈsplɔɪt/
definition: Make full use of and derive benefit from (a resource)
origin: Middle English: from Old French esploit (noun), based on Latin explicare 'unfold'. The early notion of 'success, progress' gave rise to the sense 'attempt to capture', 'military expedition', hence the current sense of the noun. Verb senses (mid 19th century) are from modern French exploiter.
sentence: 500 companies sprang up to exploit this new technology.
part of speech: exploitable [adj.] exploiter [n.]
5. stack [v.] /stak/
definition: Arrange (a number of things) in a pile, typically a neat one
origin: Middle English: from Old Norse stakkr 'haystack', of Germanic origin.
sentence: He stood up, beginning to stack the plates.
part of speech: stackable [adj.] stacker [n.]
6/10
1. amnesia [n.] /amˈniːzɪə/
definition: A partial or total loss of memory
origin: late 18th century: from Greek amnēsia 'forgetfulness'.
sentence: They were suffering from amnesia.
part of speech: amnesiac [n.][adj.] amnesic [n.][adj.]
2. annihilate [v.] /əˈnʌɪɪleɪt/
definition: Destroy utterly; obliterate
origin: late Middle English (originally as an adjective meaning 'destroyed, annulled'): from late Latin annihilatus 'reduced to nothing', from the verb annihilare, from ad- 'to' + nihil 'nothing'.
sentence: A simple bomb of this type could annihilate them all.
part of speech: annihilator [n.]
3. obliterate [v.] /əˈblɪtəreɪt/
definition: Destroy utterly; wipe out
origin: mid 16th century: from Latin obliterat- 'struck out, erased', from the verb obliterare, based on littera 'letter, something written'.
sentence: The memory was so painful that he obliterated it from his mind.
part of speech: obliterative [adj.] obliterator [n.]
4. prolong [v.] /prəˈlɒŋ/
definition: Extend the duration of
origin: late Middle English: from Old French prolonguer, from late Latin prolongare, from pro- 'forward, onward' + longus 'long'.
sentence: The latter is known to be due to the fact that hypocalcemia prolongs the duration of phase two of the action potential of cardiac muscle.
part of speech: prolongation [n.] prolonger [n.]
5. probe [v.] /prəʊb/
definition: Explore or examine (something), especially with the hands or an instrument
origin: late Middle English (as a noun): from late Latin proba 'proof' (in medieval Latin 'examination'), from Latin probare 'to test'. The verb dates from the mid 17th century.
sentence: The surgeon will then view and probe the joint, looking directly through the scope or at pictures it sends to a video monitor.
part of speech: probeable [adj.] prober [n.] probingly [adv.]
6/11
1. doom [v.] /duːm/
definition: Condemn to certain death or destruction
origin: Old English dōm 'statute, judgement', of Germanic origin, from a base meaning 'to put in place'; related to do.
sentence: Fuel was spilling out of the damaged wing and the aircraft was doomed.
phrase: doom and gloom: A general feeling of pessimism or despondency
2. perpetual [adj.] /pəˈpɛtʃʊəl/
definition: Never ending or changing
origin: Middle English: from Old French perpetuel, from Latin perpetualis, from perpetuus 'continuing throughout', from perpes, perpet- 'continuous'.
sentence: Some labor under the delusion that Alaska is smitten with almost perpetual darkness in winter and never ending light in the summer.
part of speech: perpetually [adv.]
3. serendipitous [adj.] /ˌsɛr(ə)nˈdɪpɪtəs/
definition: Occurring or discovered by chance in a happy or beneficial way
sentence: Her career was a collection of serendipitous and fortuitous events that entice one to believe she was fated to succeed.
part of speech: serendipitously [adv.]
4. recur [v.] /rɪˈkəː/
definition: Occur again periodically or repeatedly
origin: Middle English (in the sense 'return to'): from Latin recurrere, from re- 'again, back' + currere 'run'.
sentence: When the symptoms recurred, the doctor diagnosed something different.
part of speech: recurrence [n.] recurringly [adv.]
5. ineffable [adj.] /ɪnˈɛfəb(ə)l/
definition: Too great or extreme to be expressed or described in words
origin: late Middle English: from Old French, or from Latin ineffabilis, from in- 'not' + effabilis
sentence: If truth is ineffable, beyond words, we can't determine whether it can be intuited.
part of speech: ineffability [n.] ineffably [adv.]
6/12
1. resume [v.] /rɪˈzjuːm/
definition: Begin again or continue after a pause or interruption
origin: late Middle English: from Old French resumer or Latin resumere, from re- 'back' + sumere 'take'.
sentence: I then continued to resume the folding of various frocks and dresses that were mainly sewn by myself.
part of speech: resumable [adj.]
2. cortex [n.] /ˈkɔːtɛks/
definition: The outer layer of the cerebrum (the cerebral cortex), composed of folded grey matter and playing an important role in consciousness.
origin: late Middle English: from Latin, literally 'bark'.
sentence: Parts of the thalamus, and the frontal lobes of the cerebral cortex that are important in controlling mood, also connect to the hypothalamus.
part of speech: cortical [adj.]
3. consolidate [v.] /kənˈsɒlɪdeɪt/
definition: Make (something) physically stronger or more solid
origin: early 16th century (in the sense 'combine into a whole'): from Latin consolidare, from con- 'together' + solidare 'make firm' (from solidus 'solid').
sentence: The first phase of the project is to consolidate the outside walls.
part of speech: consolidation [n.] consolidator [n.]
4. attentive [adj.] /əˈtɛntɪv/
definition: Paying close attention to something
origin: late Middle English: from Old French attentif, -ive, from atendre 'give one's attention to'
sentence: Ministers should be more attentive to the interests of taxpayers.
part of speech: attentively [adv.] attentiveness [n.]
5. retrieve [v.] /rɪˈtriːv/
definition: Get or bring (something) back from somewhere
origin: late Middle English (in the sense 'find lost game'): from Old French retroeve-, stressed stem of retrover 'find again'.
sentence: I was sent to retrieve the balls from his garden.
part of speech: retrievability [n.] retrievable [adj.]
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