I: 1 IV: 4
V: 5 IX: 9
X: 10 XIX: 19
L: 50 XL: 40
C: 100 XC: 90
D: 500 MMXIV: 2014
M: 1000
Prefix
dis: not
disease, discourage, disagree
un: without
unpleasant, unconscious, unimportant
Suffix
-ive: adjective
objective, protective, attractive
-ant, -ian: a person or thing that does a specified thing
protestant, participant, servantmusician, physician, politician
-scope: used to make terms denoting an instrument used for viewing or examination.
telescope, microscope, periscope
-nomy: a system of rules, laws, or knowledge about a body of a particular field
autonomy, aeronomy, geonomy
-gamy: marriage
monogamy, autogamy, bigamy
-meter: measure
kilometer, pentameter, telemeter
ori: begin, rise
origin, orient, original
en: make or cause to be
enlarge, encourage, strengthen
ad: to; toward; forward
advantage, advanced, advocate
mono: one
monogamy, monopoly, monochord
bi: two
bicycle, biannual, biangular
tri: three
trigonometry, triangle, triarchy
qua: four
quarter, quatrain, quadrant
penta: five
pentagon, pentachord, pentameter
oct: eight
octopus, octagon, octal
gon: size and angle
hexagon, heptagon, decagon
Idiom
kick the bucket = belly-up: to die
If he does not take care of himself, he may kick the bucket sooner or later.
五段論證法
Introduction (thesis statement)+ 3 supporting paragraphs (topic sentences)
Rhetorical modes
1. Exposition 2. Argumentation 3. Description 4. Narration
Colloquialism
The pleasure is all mine: You are welcome. It is my pleasure.
The pleasure was all mine, I've had a splendid time.
Poem
Willian Shakespeare: Shall I compare thee to a summer's day?
shade = ghost
untrimmed = not trimmed
Oral skill
Stay longer on the stressed syllables.
Words of the day
2/21
1. abominable [adj.] /əˈbɒm(ə)nəb(ə)l/
definition: very bad; terrible
origin: Middle English: via Old French from Latin abominabilis,
from abominari. The term was once widely believed to be
from ab- 'away
from' + Latin homine (from homo 'human being'), thus 'inhuman,
beastly', and frequently
spelled abhominable until the 17th century.
sentence: What an abominable mess!
part of speech: abominate [v.] abomination [n.] abominately [adv.]
2. abort [v.] /əˈbɔːt/
definition: carry out or undergo the abortion of (a fetus)
origin: mid 16th century: from Latin aboriri 'miscarry', from ab-'away, from' + oriri 'be born'.
sentence: Louisiana allows women to abort an embryo up to 12
weeks old.
part of speech: abortion [n.] abortive [adj.]
3. abstain [v.] /əbˈsteɪn/
definition: restrain oneself from doing or enjoying something
origin: late Middle English: from Old French abstenir, from Latin abstinere, from ab- 'from' + tenere 'hold'.
sentence: She intends to abstain from sex before marriage.
part of speech: abstainer [n.]
4. acquit [v.] /əˈkwɪt/
definition: free (someone) from a criminal charge by a verdict of
not guilty
origin: Middle English (originally in the sense 'pay a debt,
discharge a liability'): from Old French acquiter, from medieval
Latin acquitare 'pay a debt', from ad- 'to' + quitare 'set free'.
sentence: She was acquitted on all counts.
part of speech: acquittal [n.]
5. adamant [adj.] /ˈadəm(ə)nt/
definition: refusing to be persuaded or to change one’s mind
origin: Old English (as a noun), from Old French adamaunt-, via
Latin from Greek adamas, adamant-, 'untameable, invincible' (later
used to denote the hardest metal or stone, hence diamond), from a-
'not' + daman 'to tame'. The phrase to be adamant dates from the
1930s, although adjectival use had been implied in such
collocations as ‘an adamant heart’ since the 16th century.
sentence: He is adamant that he is not going to resign.
part of speech: adamance [n.] adamantly [adv.]
2/24
1. adulterate [v.] /əˈdʌltəreɪt/
definition: render (something) poorer in quality by adding another
substance
origin: early 16th century (as an adjective): from Latin adulterat-'corrupted', from the verb adulterare.
sentence: The brewer is said to adulterate his beer.
part of speech: adulteration [n.] adulterator [n.]
2. allege [v.] /əˈlɛdʒ/
definition: claim or assert that someone has done something illegal
or wrong, typically without proof
origin: Middle English (in the sense 'declare on oath'): from Old
French esligier, based on Latin lis, lit- 'lawsuit'; confused in sense
with Latin allegare 'allege'.
sentence: He alleged that he had been assaulted.
part of speech: alleged [adj.] allegation [n.] allegedly [adv.]
3. allot [v.] /əˈlɒt/
definition: give or apportion (something) to someone
origin: late 15th century: from Old French aloter, from a- (from
Latin ad 'to') + loter 'divide into lots'
sentence: Equal time was allotted to each.
part of speech: allotted [adj.]
4. introvert [n.] /ˈɪntrəvəːt/
definition: A shy, reticent person.
origin: mid 17th century (as a verb in the general sense 'turn one's thoughts inwards (in spiritual contemplation')): from modern Latin introvertere, from intro- 'to the inside' + vertere 'to turn'. Its use as a term in psychology dates from the early 20th century.
sentence: He was described as an introvert, a reserved man who spoke little.
part of speech: introversion [n.] introversive [adj.]
5. irrigate [v.] /ˈɪrɪgeɪt/
definition: Supply water to (land or crops) to help growth, typically by means of channels.
origin: early 17th century: from Latin irrigat- 'moistened', from the verb irrigare, from in- 'into' + rigare 'moisten, wet'.
sentence: Rebecca uses a sprinkler system to irrigate her crops.
part of speech: irrigable [adj.] irrigation [n.] irrigator [n.]
2/25
1. surgical [adj.] /ˈsəːdʒɪk(ə)l/
definition: used in or connected with surgery
origin: late 18th century (earlier as chirurgical): from French cirurgical, from Old French sirurgie
sentence: We performed every kind of surgery in the surgical unit, including cesarean sections.
part of speech: surgically [adv.]
2. inflict [v.] /ɪnˈflɪkt/
definition: Cause (something unpleasant or painful) to be suffered by someone or something
origin: mid 16th century (in the sense 'afflict, trouble'): from Latin inflict- 'struck against', from the verb infligere, from in- 'into' + fligere 'to strike'.
sentence: They inflicted serious injuries on three other men.
part of speech: inflicter [n.]
3. collateral [n.] /kəˈlat(ə)r(ə)l/
definition: Something pledged as security for repayment of a loan, to be forfeited in the event of a default
origin: late Middle English (as an adjective): from medieval Latin collateralis, from col- 'together with' + lateralis (from latus, later- 'side'). sense 1 of the noun (originally US) is from the phrase collateral security, denoting something pledged in addition to the main obligation of a contract.
sentence: She put her house up as collateral for the bank loan.
part of speech: collaterality [n.] collaterally [adv.]
4. cumbersome [adj.] /ˈkʌmbəs(ə)m/
definition: Large or heavy and therefore difficult to carry or use; unwieldy
origin: late Middle English (in the sense 'difficult to get through'): from cumber + -some1.
sentence: She didn't care that she didn't have a backpack to carry her cumbersome books in.
part of speech: cumbersomely [adv.] cumbersomeness [n.]
5. encrypt [v.] /ɛnˈkrɪpt/
definition: Convert (information or data) into a code, especially to prevent unauthorized access
origin: 1950s (originally US): from en-1 'in' + Greek kruptos 'hidden'.
sentence: On a basic level they could be used to decode encrypted information almost instantly.
part of speech: encryption [n.]
2/26
1. verify [v.] /ˈvɛrɪfʌɪ/
definition: Make sure or demonstrate that (something) is true, accurate, or justified
origin: Middle English (as a legal term): from Old French verifier, from medieval Latin verificare, from verus 'true'.
sentence: His conclusions have been verified by later experiments.
part of speech: verifiable [adj.] verifiably [adv.] verifier [n.]
2. exploit [v.] /ɪkˈsplɔɪt/
definition: Make full use of and derive benefit from (a resource)
origin: Middle English: from Old French esploit (noun), based on Latin explicare 'unfold' (see explicate). The early notion of 'success, progress' gave rise to the sense 'attempt to capture', 'military expedition', hence the current sense of the noun. Verb senses (mid 19th century) are from modern French exploiter.
sentence: It claims entitlement to an unspecific open-ended incentive derived from exploiting a natural resource.
part of speech: exploitable [adj.] exploiter [n.]
3. dire [adj.] /ˈdʌɪə /
definition: Extremely serious or urgent
origin: mid 16th century: from Latin dirus 'fearful, threatening'.
sentence: He was in dire need of help.
part of speech: direly [adv.] direness [n.]
4. democratic [adj.] /dɛməˈkratɪk /
definition: Relating to or supporting democracy or its principles
origin: early 17th century: from French démocratique, via medieval Latin from Greek dēmokratikos, from dēmokratia
sentence: What people see as democratic principles may sometimes have to be compromised.
part of speech: democratically [adv.]
5. garble [v.] /ˈgɑːb(ə)l /
definition: Reproduce (a message, sound, or transmission) in a confused and distorted way
origin: late Middle English (in the sense 'sift out, cleanse'): from Anglo-Latin and Italian garbellare, from Arabic ġarbala 'sift', perhaps from late Latin cribellare 'to sieve', from Latin cribrum 'sieve'.
sentence: His voice sounds somewhat garbled in those
recordings.
part of speech: garbler [n.]
2/27
1. enrol [v.] /ɪnˈrəʊl/
definition: Officially register as a member of an institution or a student on a course
origin: late Middle English (formerly also as inroll): from Old French enroller, from en- 'in' + rolle 'a roll' (names being originally written on a roll of parchment).
sentence: He enrolled in drama school.
part of speech: enrollee [n.] enroller [n.]
2. riddle [n.] /ˈrɪd(ə)l/
definition: A question or statement intentionally phrased so as to require ingenuity in ascertaining its answer or meaning
origin: Old English rǣdels, rǣdelse 'opinion, conjecture, riddle'; related to Dutch raadsel, German Rätsel, also to read.
sentence: They started asking riddles and telling jokes.
part of speech: riddler [n.]
3. duplicate [adj.] /ˈdjuːplɪkət/
definition: Exactly like something else, especially through having been copied
origin: late Middle English (in the sense 'having two corresponding parts'): from Latin duplicat- 'doubled', from the verb duplicare, from duplic- 'twofold'
sentence: For example, I never realised you should keep duplicate copies of receipts.
part of speech: duplicable [adj.]
4. spin [v.] /spɪn/
definition: Turn or whirl round quickly
origin: Old English spinnan 'draw out and twist (fibre'); related to German spinnen. The noun dates from the mid 19th century.
sentence: The rear wheels spun violently.
phrases: spin one's wheels: informal Waste one’s time or efforts.
5. sniff [v.] /snɪf/
definition: Draw up air audibly through the nose to detect a smell, to stop it running, or to express contempt
origin: Middle English: imitative.
sentence: His dog sniffed at my trousers.
phrases: not to be sniffed at: informal Worth having, accepting, or taking into account
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