When you need to find specific, detailed information in a reading, a strategy is to scan the text. When you scan , you do not read all the words in the text, just looking for keywords in a text.
Tip: the first paragraph in the reading and the sentence
in the beginning of every paragraph are usually topic sentence or main point.
Visualizing
Descritive information in readings is helpful to make a picture in
your head of what the writer is explaining. This is called
visualizing.When you visualize, pay attention to important or
unusual details.
Prefix
a-: without
amoral, amateur, a cappella
de-: away from
delete, demode, demean
demo-: people
democracy, demography, democratism
pro-: in favor of
professional, protest, pro abortion
dia-: through
diameter, diagnosis, diarrhea
e-: out of
evict, evacuate, emerge
Root
cracy: govern, manage
democracy, bureaucracy, theocracy
the: god
theocracy, atheist, theology
Balances and Checks
Legislature branch: make laws
-->Congress: the Senate House of Representative
Executive branch: enforce laws
-->President
Judiciary branch: interpret laws
-->Supreme Court: the final interpreter of federal consTtitutional law
Trade-in-services
the sale and delivery of an intangible product, called a service, between a producer and consumer. Trade in services takes place between a producer and consumer that are, in legal terms, based in different countries, or economies, this is called International Trade in Services.
Search News
The Economist "Taiwan student"
http://www.economist.com/news/asia/21599807-students-occupy-taiwans-legislature-protest-against-free-trade-pact-china-manning
Book
The Federalist
http://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/The_Federalist
Novel
Margaret Mitchell: Gone with the Wind
http://www.sparknotes.com/lit/gonewith/
Words of the day
3/21
1. butt [v.] /bʌt/
definition: (Of a person or animal) hit (someone or something) with the head or horns
origin: Middle English: from Old French boter, of Germanic origin.
sentence: She butted him in the chest.
phrase: butt heads: Engage in conflict or be in strong disagreement.
2. cease [v.] /siːs /
definition: Come or bring to an end
origin: Middle English: from Old French cesser, from Latin cessare 'stop', from cedere 'to yield'.
sentence: The hostilities ceased and normal life was resumed.
phrase: never cease to: (In hyperbolic use) do something very frequently
3. ceiling [n.] /ˈsiːlɪŋ/
definition: The upper interior surface of a room or other similar compartment
origin: Middle English (denoting the action of lining the interior of a room with plaster or panelling): from ceil + -ing.
sentence: The books were stacked from floor to ceiling.
part of speech: ceilinged [adj.]
4. certificate [v.] /səˈtɪfɪkeɪt/
definition: Provide with or attest in an official document
origin: late Middle English (in the sense 'certification, attestation'): from French certificat or medieval Latin certificatum, from certificare
sentence: The amounts earned have to be certificated by employers.
part of speech: certification [n.]
5. civil [adj.] /ˈsɪv(ə)l/
definition: Relating to ordinary citizens and their concerns, as distinct from military or ecclesiastical matters
origin: late Middle English: via Old French from Latin civilis, from civis 'citizen'.
sentence: The second use of the Law concerns civil matters.
part of speech: civilly [adv.]
3/24
1. coast [v.] /kəʊst/
definition: (Of a person or vehicle) move easily without using power
origin: Middle English (in the sense 'side of the body'), from Old French coste (noun), costeier (verb), from Latin costa 'rib, flank, side'.
sentence: They were coasting down a long hill.
phrase: the coast is clear: There is no danger of being observed or caught
2. commission [n.] /kəˈmɪʃ(ə)n/
definition: An instruction, command, or role given to a person or group
origin: Middle English: via Old French from Latin commissio(n-), from committere 'entrust'
sentence: One of his first commissions was to redesign the Great Exhibition building.
phrase: in commission: In use or in service
3. conflict [v.] /kənˈflɪkt/
definition: Be incompatible or at variance; clash
origin: late Middle English: from Latin conflict- 'struck together, fought', from the verb confligere, from con- 'together' + fligere 'to strike'; the noun is via Latin conflictus 'a contest'.
sentence: National guidance derived from the records of multiple organisations was conflicting.
part of speech: conflictual [adj.]
4. congress [n.] /ˈkɒŋgrɛs/
definition: A formal meeting or series of meetings for discussion between delegates, especially those from a political party, trade union, or from within a particular sphere of activity
origin: late Middle English (denoting an encounter during battle): from Latin congressus, from congredi 'meet', from con- 'together' + gradi 'walk'.
sentence: In the past, disputes at Green party congresses were often vehement and passionate, although usually conducted on a very low level.
part of speech: congressional [adj.] congressionally [adv.]
5. consequence [n.] /ˈkɒnsɪkw(ə)ns/
definition: A result or effect, typically one that is unwelcome or unpleasant
origin: late Middle English: via Old French from Latin consequentia, from consequent- 'following closely', from the verb consequi.
sentence: Abrupt withdrawal of drug treatment can have serious consequences.
phrase: take (or bear) the consequences: Accept responsibility for the negative results or effects of one’s choice or action
3/25
1. conservative [adj.] /kənˈsəːvətɪv/
definition: Averse to change or innovation and holding traditional values
origin: late Middle English (in the sense 'aiming to preserve'): from late Latin conservativus, from conservat- 'conserved', from the verb conservare.
sentence: They were very conservative in their outlook.
part of speech: conservatism [n.] conservatively [adv.] conservativeness [n.]
2. construct [v.] /kənˈstrʌkt/
definition: Build or make (something, typically a building, road, or machine)
origin: late Middle English: from Latin construct- 'heaped together, built', from the verb construere, from con- 'together' + struere 'pile, build'.
sentence: A company that constructs oil rigs.
part of speech: constructor [n.]
3. contest [v.] /kənˈtɛst/
definition: Engage in competition to attain (a position of power)
origin: late 16th century (as a verb in the sense 'swear to, attest'): from Latin contestari 'call upon to witness, initiate (by calling witnesses)', from con- 'together' + testare 'to witness'. The senses 'wrangle, struggle for' arose in the early 17th century, whence the current noun and verb senses.
sentence: She declared her intention to contest the presidency.
part of speech: contestability [n.] contestable [adj.] contestably [adv.] contester [n.]
4. context [n.] /ˈkɒntɛkst/
definition: The circumstances that form the setting for an event, statement, or idea, and in terms of which it can be fully understood
origin: late Middle English (denoting the construction of a text): from Latin contextus, from con- 'together' + texere 'to weave'.
sentence: The proposals need to be considered in the context of new European directives.
part of speech: contextual [adj.] contextually [adv.]
5. contrast [v.] /kənˈtrɑːst/
definition: Differ strikingly
origin: late 17th century (as a term in fine art, in the sense 'juxtapose so as to bring out differences in form and colour'): from French contraste (noun), contraster (verb), via Italian from medieval Latin contrastare, from Latin contra- 'against' + stare 'stand'.
sentence: His friend’s success contrasted with his own failure.
part of speech: contrastingly [adv.] contrastive [adj.]
1. butt [v.] /bʌt/
definition: (Of a person or animal) hit (someone or something) with the head or horns
origin: Middle English: from Old French boter, of Germanic origin.
sentence: She butted him in the chest.
phrase: butt heads: Engage in conflict or be in strong disagreement.
2. cease [v.] /siːs /
definition: Come or bring to an end
origin: Middle English: from Old French cesser, from Latin cessare 'stop', from cedere 'to yield'.
sentence: The hostilities ceased and normal life was resumed.
phrase: never cease to: (In hyperbolic use) do something very frequently
3. ceiling [n.] /ˈsiːlɪŋ/
definition: The upper interior surface of a room or other similar compartment
origin: Middle English (denoting the action of lining the interior of a room with plaster or panelling): from ceil + -ing.
sentence: The books were stacked from floor to ceiling.
part of speech: ceilinged [adj.]
4. certificate [v.] /səˈtɪfɪkeɪt/
definition: Provide with or attest in an official document
origin: late Middle English (in the sense 'certification, attestation'): from French certificat or medieval Latin certificatum, from certificare
sentence: The amounts earned have to be certificated by employers.
part of speech: certification [n.]
5. civil [adj.] /ˈsɪv(ə)l/
definition: Relating to ordinary citizens and their concerns, as distinct from military or ecclesiastical matters
origin: late Middle English: via Old French from Latin civilis, from civis 'citizen'.
sentence: The second use of the Law concerns civil matters.
part of speech: civilly [adv.]
3/24
1. coast [v.] /kəʊst/
definition: (Of a person or vehicle) move easily without using power
origin: Middle English (in the sense 'side of the body'), from Old French coste (noun), costeier (verb), from Latin costa 'rib, flank, side'.
sentence: They were coasting down a long hill.
phrase: the coast is clear: There is no danger of being observed or caught
2. commission [n.] /kəˈmɪʃ(ə)n/
definition: An instruction, command, or role given to a person or group
origin: Middle English: via Old French from Latin commissio(n-), from committere 'entrust'
sentence: One of his first commissions was to redesign the Great Exhibition building.
phrase: in commission: In use or in service
3. conflict [v.] /kənˈflɪkt/
definition: Be incompatible or at variance; clash
origin: late Middle English: from Latin conflict- 'struck together, fought', from the verb confligere, from con- 'together' + fligere 'to strike'; the noun is via Latin conflictus 'a contest'.
sentence: National guidance derived from the records of multiple organisations was conflicting.
part of speech: conflictual [adj.]
4. congress [n.] /ˈkɒŋgrɛs/
definition: A formal meeting or series of meetings for discussion between delegates, especially those from a political party, trade union, or from within a particular sphere of activity
origin: late Middle English (denoting an encounter during battle): from Latin congressus, from congredi 'meet', from con- 'together' + gradi 'walk'.
sentence: In the past, disputes at Green party congresses were often vehement and passionate, although usually conducted on a very low level.
part of speech: congressional [adj.] congressionally [adv.]
5. consequence [n.] /ˈkɒnsɪkw(ə)ns/
definition: A result or effect, typically one that is unwelcome or unpleasant
origin: late Middle English: via Old French from Latin consequentia, from consequent- 'following closely', from the verb consequi.
sentence: Abrupt withdrawal of drug treatment can have serious consequences.
phrase: take (or bear) the consequences: Accept responsibility for the negative results or effects of one’s choice or action
3/25
1. conservative [adj.] /kənˈsəːvətɪv/
definition: Averse to change or innovation and holding traditional values
origin: late Middle English (in the sense 'aiming to preserve'): from late Latin conservativus, from conservat- 'conserved', from the verb conservare.
sentence: They were very conservative in their outlook.
part of speech: conservatism [n.] conservatively [adv.] conservativeness [n.]
2. construct [v.] /kənˈstrʌkt/
definition: Build or make (something, typically a building, road, or machine)
origin: late Middle English: from Latin construct- 'heaped together, built', from the verb construere, from con- 'together' + struere 'pile, build'.
sentence: A company that constructs oil rigs.
part of speech: constructor [n.]
3. contest [v.] /kənˈtɛst/
definition: Engage in competition to attain (a position of power)
origin: late 16th century (as a verb in the sense 'swear to, attest'): from Latin contestari 'call upon to witness, initiate (by calling witnesses)', from con- 'together' + testare 'to witness'. The senses 'wrangle, struggle for' arose in the early 17th century, whence the current noun and verb senses.
sentence: She declared her intention to contest the presidency.
part of speech: contestability [n.] contestable [adj.] contestably [adv.] contester [n.]
4. context [n.] /ˈkɒntɛkst/
definition: The circumstances that form the setting for an event, statement, or idea, and in terms of which it can be fully understood
origin: late Middle English (denoting the construction of a text): from Latin contextus, from con- 'together' + texere 'to weave'.
sentence: The proposals need to be considered in the context of new European directives.
part of speech: contextual [adj.] contextually [adv.]
5. contrast [v.] /kənˈtrɑːst/
definition: Differ strikingly
origin: late 17th century (as a term in fine art, in the sense 'juxtapose so as to bring out differences in form and colour'): from French contraste (noun), contraster (verb), via Italian from medieval Latin contrastare, from Latin contra- 'against' + stare 'stand'.
sentence: His friend’s success contrasted with his own failure.
part of speech: contrastingly [adv.] contrastive [adj.]
3/26
1. cottage [v.] /ˈkɒtɪdʒ/
definition: Perform homosexual acts in a public toilet
origin: late Middle English: from Anglo-Norman French cotage and Anglo-Latin cotagium, from cot or cote.
sentence: I was busted for cottaging.
part of speech: cottagey [adj.]
2. crack [v.] /krak/
definition: Break or cause to break without a complete separation of the parts
origin: Old English cracian 'make an explosive noise'; of Germanic origin; related to Dutch kraken and German krachen.
sentence: The ice all over the bog had cracked.
part of speech: cracky [adj.]
phrases: crack a book: Open a book and read it; study
crack a crib: Break into a house
phrases: crack a book: Open a book and read it; study
crack a crib: Break into a house
3. crisp [adj.] /krɪsp/
definition: (Of a substance) firm, dry, and brittle
origin: Old English (referring to hair in the sense 'curly'): from Latin crispus 'curled'. Other senses may result from symbolic interpretation of the sound of the word.
sentence: The snow is lovely and crisp.
part of speech: crisply [adv.] crispness [n.]
phrase: burn something to a crisp: Burn something completely, leaving only a charred remnant
phrase: burn something to a crisp: Burn something completely, leaving only a charred remnant
4. critical [adj.] /ˈkrɪtɪk(ə)l/
definition: Expressing adverse or disapproving comments or judgements
origin: mid 16th century (in the sense 'relating to the crisis of a disease'): from late Latin criticus
sentence: I was very critical of the previous regime.
part of speech: criticality [n.] critically [adv.] criticalness [n.]
5. crop [n.] /krɒp/
definition: A cultivated plant that is grown on a large scale commercially, especially a cereal, fruit, or vegetable
origin: Old English, of Germanic origin; related to German Kropf.
sentence: The main crops were oats and barley.
phrases: crop out: (Of rock) appear or be exposed at the surface of the earth
crop up: Appear, occur, or come to one’s notice unexpectedly
crop up: Appear, occur, or come to one’s notice unexpectedly
3/27
1. damp [adj.] /damp/
definition: Slightly wet
origin: Middle English (in the noun sense 'noxious inhalation'): of West Germanic origin; related to a Middle Low German word meaning 'vapour, steam, smoke'.
sentence: Her hair was still damp from the shower.
part of speech: dampish [adj.] damply [adv.]
2. deliberate [v.] /dɪˈlɪb(ə)rət/
definition: Engage in long and careful consideration
origin: late Middle English (as an adjective): from Latin deliberatus, 'considered carefully', past participle of deliberare, from de- 'down' + librare 'weigh' (from libra 'scales').
sentence: She deliberated over the menu.
part of speech: deliberateness [n.] deliberator [n.]
3. deposit [v.] /dɪˈpɒzɪt/
definition: Put or set down (something or someone) in a specific place
origin: late 16th century (especially in the phrases in deposit or on deposit): from Latin depositum (noun), medieval Latin depositare (verb), both from Latin deposit- 'laid aside', from the verb deponere.
sentence: He deposited a pile of school books on the kitchen table.
phrase: on deposit: (Of money) placed in a deposit account
4. depress [v.] /dɪˈprɛs/
definition: Make (someone) feel utterly dispirited or dejected
origin: late Middle English: from Old French depresser, from late Latin depressare, frequentative of deprimere 'press down'.
sentence: That first day at school depressed me.
part of speech: depressible [adj.]
5. derive [v.] /dɪˈrʌɪv/
definition: Obtain something from (a specified source)
origin: late Middle English (in the sense 'draw a fluid through or into a channel'): from Old French deriver or Latin derivare, from de- 'down, away' + rivus 'brook, stream'.
sentence: They derived great comfort from this assurance.
part of speech: derivable [adj.]
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